Top 8 characteristics of good stone

If you are going to construct your home or any building and you want to have used of the latest engineering technology during construction then you must have idea related to the characteristics of various construction materials.

On construction site, after finishing of earth work excavation, when foundation is going to be started in that condition first of all we are going to use stone for foundation. But before purchasing or unloading the stone on the construction site for foundation or after foundation for stone masonry work, you should have idea of the top characteristics of good stone so that your building will get a good strength and durability.

Now you can get the top 8 characteristics of good stone as given below:

1. Appearance:
For the face work it should have fine, compact, texture and light coloured.

2. Structure:
A broken stone should not be dull in appearance and should have uniform texture free from cavities, crakes, patches of loose or soft material.

3. Strength:
A stone should be strong and durable to withstand the disintegrating action of weather.

4. Weight:
It is an indication of stability of structures such as dams, retaining walls etc. heavier stones are required whereas for arches, vaults, domes etc. light stones are suitable.

5. Hardness:
This property is important for floors, pavements, aprons or bridge etc.

6. Toughness:
It is the measure of the impact that a stone can withstand.

7. Porosity and absorption:
Porosity and absorption depends on mineral constituents, cooling time and structural formation. More porous building stones are unsuitable for used in latest construction technology specially for exposed surface of structures.

8. Ease of working:
This property is found in soft stone but opposes to strength, durability and hardness.

For more top tips and tricks, visit Latest Engineering Technology where you can get your solutions.

Stone Masonary

In a very strict sense, the term masonry is used to indicate the art of building the structures in stones. But broadly speaking, the term masonry is used to indicate the art of building the structures in either stones or bricks. The former type is called the stone masonry and the latter type is called the brick masonry.

For stone masonry the following materials are required as given below:

1. Stones:

Depending upon the availability, the stones are selected. The stones to be used in the work should be hard, durable, tough and free from any defect such as shake, vent, mottle, etc.

2. Mortar:

The mortar is required to keep the stones in position. It is prepared by mixing lime or cement with sand and after adding water, it is placed in the joints. The type of mortar to be used will depend on the strength required, load coming on the structure, resistance desired for weathering  agencies, etc. The usual varieties are lime mortar, cement mortar, cement - lime mortar and lime cement mortar.

i) Cement-lime mortar:

In cement lime mortar, a portion of cement is replaced by hydrated lime. It spreads more easily under the trowel and produces a more plastic material.

ii) Lime-cement mortar:

In lime cement mortar, a portion of lime is replaced by cement. It makes the mortar stronger, more plastic and workable. Also the mortar sets earlier.

The choice of mortar and its composition will be governed by several factors like type of masonry, situation of structure, intensity of load, degree of exposure to weather, type of bond, durability desired and some other special requirements like fire resistance, insulation, rate of hardening etc.

For more top tips and tricks, visit Latest Engineering Technology where you can get your solutions.

Top points to be observed while supervising R.C.C. work

In construction field whenever if you are supervising R.C.C. work, you must observe the following top points are given as below:

1. Cement:
This should comply with the standard requirements and cement, which has become hard due to moisture or any other reason, should be discarded and not used for the work.

2. Coarse aggregate:
It should be properly graded as required. It should be clean and free from impurities such as earth, coal dust and other organic materials. The unclean coarse aggregate should be screened and washed before use.

3. Fine aggregate:
The sand to be used as fine aggregate should be clean and coarse. It should be free from organic or vegetable matters. The sand should be washed, if there is any trace of earth in it.

4. Water:
The mixing water for concrete should be clean and fresh. Usually, the water, which is fit for drinking, should be used for preparing concrete.

5. Proportion:
The proportion of cement concrete should be as per specification of the work. The necessary allowance should be made for the bulking of sand.

6. Centering:
The centering or formwork for concrete work should be sufficiently strong surface. It should be removed only after getting written permission of the engineer in charge of the work.

7. Reinforcement:
It should be placed as per design given by the engineer and it should be free from rust, oil, mud, etc. The steel to be used as reinforcement should comply with the standard reuirements Extreme care should be taken to see that the reinforcement is not disturbed during placing of the concrete.

8. Mixing:
The mixing should be done either in a mechanical mixer or by hand operations. The former is adopted for large quantities of cement concrete while the latter is adopted for small quantities of cement concrete. The engineer, in charge of the work, decides the mode of mixing.

9. Transporting and placing:
The cement concrete should be carefully transported and placed in position with usual precautions.

10. Consolidation:
For consolidation of concrete, the hand tools or vibrators may be used and concrete should be tapped in such a way that no honeycomb surface appears on removal of the formwork. It should be seen that all edges and corners of the concrete remain unbroken, sharp and straight in line.

11. Curing:
The curing is the most important part of construction specially in R.C.C. work. The concrete should be kept moist or wet by a suitable method of curing. The period of curing is generally mentioned in the specification of the work. But in any case, it should not be less than 10 days.

12. Finishing:
The finishing of all exposed surfaces of concrete should be carried out as per requirements of the specification of the work.

For more top tips and tricks, visit Latest Engineering Technology where you can get your solutions.

Tpes of Maps

The term map which we use in the various field of our life about what we should have at least minimum idea. Map is most important term in engineering, so for an engineer it's necessary to know about map. According to requirement there various types of map but here you can see mainly four types of map as given below:

i) Guide map:
The map provided for tourist.

ii) Geographifcal map:
The map which are prepared on small scale.

iii)Topographical map
It has larger scale than geographical map.

iv) Cadastral map:
It has larger scale than topographical map.

Foundations and Superstructures

Surrounding us a lot of structures are there like buildings, brize, etc. Every structures consists of the following two parts as given below:

1. Foundations (or Substructures), and
2. Superstructures.

In short we can understand the structure part below the ground level is Foundation and above is Superstructures. For details we can go ahead as given below:

1. Foundations (or Substructures)
The lowest part; aritficially prepared parts of the structures which are in direct contact with the ground and which transmit the loads of the structures to the ground are called foundations (or substructures). The solid ground on which the foundations rest is called the foundation bed (or foundation soil) and it ultimately bears the load and interacts with the foundations of buildings. The lowermost portion of the foundation which is in direct contact with the subsoil is called the footing.

2. Superstructures
The term superstructure is used to mean that part of the structure which is above ground level. A part of superstructure located between the ground level and the floor level is known as plinth. Thus, the term plinth is defined as the portion of the structure between the surface of the surrounding ground and level of the floor immediately above the ground.

For any structure, its foundation form is the most important part. It remains below the ground, it is not available for inspection after finishing of the construction. So we should be careful during the construction of the foundation. If foundation is weak, means your whole construction is weak. It is necessary to exercise extreme care in the construction and design of foundations to avoid their failures in future.

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Civil Engineer and Building Construction

A good civil engineer is having very big relationship with building construction. Come, first of all we talk about the term building. The dictionary meaning of building is very simple. It simply indicates anything that is built with walls and a roof. The term building in civil engineering parlance is used to mean a structure having various components like foundations, walls, columns, floors, roofs, doors, windows, ventilators, stairs, lifts, various types of surface finishes, etc. As a civil engineer is mainly concerned with the construction of buildings, it is essential for him/her to acquire good knowledge of construction of various components of a building.

The society requires the building for its various activities and accordingly, the buildings can be grouped for convenience as follows:

1. Business buildings like offices, courts, shops, banks etc.

2. Worship buildings like churches, temples, mosques etc.

3. Residential buildings such as flats, row houses, bungalows etc.

4. Recreation buildings like theatres, town halls, cinemas etc..

5. Health building like hospitals, nursing homes etc.

6. Educational buildings like schools, colleges, universities etc.

7. Storage buildings like godowns, warehouses etc.

8. Industrial buildings like factories, laboratories, workshop etc.

As far as the construction of any building is concerned, the procedures laid down for its various components are more or less the same and the engineer has to select the appropriate method for the type of building to be constructed.